Francis Lewis Cardozo

Francis Lewis Cardozo Diagram When Francis Lewis Cardozo was chosen as South Carolina’s secretary of state in 1868, he turned into the primary African-American to be chosen for hold a political situation in the state. His work as a pastor, instructor and government official permitted him to battle for the privileges of African-Americans during the Reconstruction time frame.  Key Accomplishments Built up Avery Normal Institute, one of the primary free auxiliary schools for African-Americans.Early advocate for school combination in the South.First African-American to hold a statewide office in the United States. Well known Family Members Cardozo’s granddaughter is Eslanda Goode Robeson. Robeson was an entertainer, anthropologist, essayist and social equality lobbyist. She was hitched to Paul Robeson.  A removed relative of U.S. Incomparable Court Justice Benjamin Cardozo. Early Life and Education Cardozo was conceived on February 1, 1836, in Charleston. His mom, Lydia Weston was a free African-American lady. His dad, Isaac Cardozo, was Portuguese man. In the wake of going to schools built up for liberated blacks, Cardozo filled in as a woodworker and shipbuilder. In 1858, Cardozo started going to the University of Glasgowâ before turning into a seminarian in Edinburgh and London. Cardozo was appointed a Presbyterian serve and upon his arrival to the United States, he started filling in as a minister. By 1864, Cardozo was functioning as a minister at the Temple Street Congregational Church in New Haven, Conn. The next year, Cardozo started functioning as a specialist of the American Missionary Association. His sibling, Thomas, had just filled in as administrator for the organization’s school and soon Cardozo emulated his example. As director, Cardozo restored the school as the Avery Normal Institute. The Avery Normal Institute was a free optional school for African-Americans. The school’s essential center was to prepare teachers. Today, Avery Normal Institute is a piece of the College of Charleston. Governmental issues In 1868, Cardozo filled in as an agent at the South Carolina established show. Filling in as the seat of the instruction council, Cardozo campaigned for coordinated state funded schools. That equivalent year, Cardozo was chosen as secretary of state and turned into the primary African-American to hold such a position. Through his impact, Cardozo was instrumental in improving the South Carolina Land Commission by disseminating area to previous subjugated African-Americans. In 1872, Cardozo was chosen as state treasurer. Be that as it may, administrators chose to denounce Cardozo for his refusal to help out degenerate lawmakers in 1874. Cardozo was reappointed to this position twice. Renunciation and Conspiracy Charges At the point when administrative soldiers were pulled back from Southern states in 1877 and the Democrats recaptured control of state government, Cardozo was pushed to leave office. That equivalent year Cardozo was arraigned for connivance. Despite the fact that proof discovered was not definitive, Cardozo was as yet seen as blameworthy. He served nearly 12 months in jail. After two years, Governor William Dunlap Simpson exculpated Cardozo. Following the absolution, Cardozo moved to Washington DC where he held a situation with the Treasury Department. Instructor In 1884, Cardozo turned into the head of the Colored Preparatory High School in Washington DC. Under Cardozo’s tutelage, the school founded a business educational program and got one of the most extraordinary schools for African-American understudies. Cardozo resigned in 1896. Individual Life While filling in as minister of Temple Street Congregational Church, Cardozo wedded Catherine Rowena Howell. The couple had six kids. Demise Cardozo passed on in 1903 in Washington DC. Inheritance Cardozo Senior High School in the northwest segment of Washington DC is named in Cardozo’s respect.

The Return: Midnight Chapter 15

Bonnie woke gradually, coming up from some dull spot. At that point she wished she hadn't. She was in some out-of-entryways place †just structures hindered the skyline where the sun hung for eternity. Around her were a great deal of different young ladies, al roughly her own age. That was perplexing, first of al . In the event that you took an arbitrary testing of females off the road there would be young ladies weeping for their moms, and there would be mother-matured ladies dealing with them. There may be a couple of more seasoned ladies. This spot looked increasingly like ††gracious, God, it seemed as though one of those slave distribution center places that they had needed to take a break they had gone to the Dark Dimension. The ones that Elena had requested them not to take a gander at or tune in to. In any case, presently Bonnie felt sure she was inside one herself, and there was no chance not to take a gander at the Stillfaces, at the startled eyes, at the shuddering mouths around her. She needed to talk, to discover the route †there would need to be a way, Elena would demand †to get out. However, first she assembled al the Power at her order, wrapped it into a cry, and soundlessly shouted Damon! Damon! Help! I truly need you! Al she heard in kind was quietness. Damon! It's Bonnie! I'm at a slave distribution center! Help! Out of nowhere she suspected, and brought down her clairvoyant obstructions. She was in a split second squashed. Indeed, even here, at the edge of the city, the air was gagged ful of long messages and short: cries of anxiety, or brotherhood, of welcome, of sales. Longer, less restless discussions about things, directions, irritations, stories. She was unable to stay aware of it. It transformed into a threatening flood of mystic sound that was twisted like a wave going to break over her head, to pulverize her into a mil particle pieces. And afterward, out of nowhere, the clairvoyant skirmish disappeared. Bonnie had the option to concentrate her eyes on a light young lady, somewhat more seasoned than her and around four inches taller. â€Å"I stated, are you okay?†the young lady was rehashing †clearly she'd been stating it for some time. â€Å"Yes,†Bonnie said naturally. No! Bonnie idea. â€Å"You should prepare to move. They've sounded the primary dinnertime whistle, however you watched so out of it, I hung tight for the second one.† What am I expected to state? Much obliged to you appeared to be most secure. â€Å"Thanks,†Bonnie said. At that point her mouth said completely all alone, â€Å"Where am I?† The fair young lady looked shocked. â€Å"The warehouse for out of control slaves, of course.† All things considered, that was that. â€Å"But I didn't run away,†she dissented. â€Å"I was going right back after I got a sugarplum.† â€Å"I don't think about that. I was attempting to flee, yet they at last got me.†The young lady pummeled one clench hand into an open hand. â€Å"I realized I shouldn't have believed that litter transporter. Conveyed me right to the specialists and me dazzle and without a clue.† â€Å"You mean you had the litter blinds down †?†Bonnie was asking, when a shril whistle interfered with her. The fair young lady grabbed hold of her arm and started hauling her away from the fence. â€Å"That's the second help dinnertime whistle †we would prefer not to miss that, in light of the fact that after that they shut us up for the evening. I'm Eren. Who're you?† â€Å"Bonnie.† Eren grunted and smiled. â€Å"All directly by me.† Bonnie permitted herself to be driven up a filthy flight of stairs and into a messy cafeteria. The light young lady, who appeared to see herself as Bonnie's guardian, gave her a plate, and pushed her along. Bonnie didn't get any decision in what she was to have, not even to veto the noodles that were wriggling marginally, yet she managed to grab an additional bread rol at long last. Damon! No one was tel ing her not to communicate something specific, so she continued doing it. On the off chance that she would have been rebuffed, she thought resistant, she would have been rebuffed for attempting to leave. Damon, I'm in a slave stockroom! Help me! Light Eren got a spork, so Bonnie did as well. There were no blades. There were dainty napkins, which assuaged Bonnie, in light of the fact that that was the place the Squirmy Noodles were going to wind up. Without Eren, Bonnie could never have discovered a spot at the tables, which were packed with little youngsters eating. â€Å"Shove over, push over,†Eren continued saying, until there was space for Bonnie and her. Supper was a trial by fire †and furthermore of how uproarious she could shout. â€Å"Why are you doing this for me?†she yelled into Eren's ear, when a lul in the stunning discussion gave her a possibility. â€Å"Oh, Well, you being a redhead and all †it put me at the top of the priority list of Aliana's message, you know. To the reall Bonny.†She articulated it strangely, kind of swall owing the y, however in any event it wasn't Bonna. â€Å"Which of them? Which message, I mean?†Bonnie shouted. Eren gave her an are you joking look. â€Å"Help when you can, cover when you have room, control when you know where to go,†she said in a kind of anxious serenade, at that point looked chagrined and included, â€Å"And show restraint toward the slow.†She assaulted her food with a quality of having said everything there was to state. Goodness, kid, Bonnie idea. Someone had truly taken the balland gone for it. Elena had never said any of those things. Better believe it, yet †however perhaps she'd lived them, Bonnie idea, a shivering breaking out all over her body. Furthermore, perhaps someone had seen her and made up the words. For example, that insane looking person she'd given her ring or wristband or something to. She'd parted with her hoops to individuals with signs, as well. Signs that stated: POETRY FOR FOOD. The remainder of supper involved getting food with the spork and not seeing it, crunching it once, and afterward concluding whether to spit into her Still-squirming napkin, or to attempt to swallow without tasting. A while later the young ladies were walked into another structure, this one fil ed with buddy ets, smal er and not all that open to looking as Bonnie's at the motel. She was presently alarmed at herself for leaving that room. There she had security, she had food that she could real y eat, she had amusement †indeed, even the Dustbins were dressed in a brilliant shine of recognition now †and she had gotten the opportunity of Damon discovering her. Here she didn't have anything. Be that as it may, Eren appeared to have some mesmeric impact on the young ladies around, or, in all likelihood they al were Aliana-ites as well, since when she yelled â€Å"Where's a buddy et? I have another young lady in my room. Believe she's going to rest on the exposed floor?†And possible y, a dusty buddy et was ignored hand into Eren's â€Å"bedroom† †a gathering of buddy ets al spread with the heads together in the center. In return, Eren gave over the wriggling napkin Bonnie had given her. â€Å"Share and offer alike,†she said immovably, and Bonnie thought about whether she thought Aliana had said that, as well. A whistle shril ed. â€Å"Ten minutes until lights-out,†a dry voice yelled. â€Å"Every young lady not on her buddy et in a short time wil be rebuffed. Tomorrow segment C goes up.† â€Å"All right! We will be ridiculous hard of hearing before we're sold,†Eren mumbled. â€Å"Before we're sold?†Bonnie rehashed moronically, despite the fact that she had realized what might occur as soon as she had perceived this as a stockroom for slaves. Eren turned and spat. â€Å"Yeah,†she said. â€Å"So you can have one more breakdown and afterward that is it. Just two for each client, and by tomorrow you may wish you'd spared one up.† â€Å"I wasn't going to have a breakdown,†Bonnie stated, with al the fearlessness at her order. â€Å"I would ask how we will be sold. Is it at one of those ghastly open spots, where you need to remain before a group in only a shift?† â€Å"Yeah, that is the thing that the majority of us wil be doing,†a little youngster, who had been crying unobtrusively through supper and the buddy et-organizing time, made some noise in a delicate voice. â€Å"But the ones they choose as exceptional things wil need to pause. They'l give us a shower and uncommon garments, however it's al to make sure we look increasingly respectable for the customers. So the customers can examine us more closely.†She shivered. â€Å"You're startling the new young lady, Mouse,†Eren reproved. â€Å"We cal her Mouse, since she's generally so scared,†she told Bonnie. Bonnie quietly shouted, Damon! Damon was decked out in his new chief of the watchman suit. It was decent, being dark on dark, with lighter dark funneling (even Damon perceived the need of complexity). It had a shroud. Furthermore, he was a ful vampire once more, as incredible and lofty as even he could have envisioned. For a second he basically thrived in the sentiment of a vocation all around done. At that point he utilized his vampire muscles all the more emphatically, encouraging Jessalyn, who was upstairs, into more profound rest, while he sent ringlets of Power al over the Dark Dimension, testing what was happening in various regions. Jessalyn†¦now there was a predicament. Damon had the inclination that he should leave her a note or something, yet he wasn't exactly certain what to state. What would he be able to tel her? That he was no more? She would see that for herself. That he was grieved? All things considered, clearly he wasn't sorry to such an extent that he'd decided not to go. That he had obligations somewhere else? Pause. That may genuine y work. He could tel her that he expected to determine the status of her domain and that if he somehow happened to remain here in the stronghold he questioned he'd ever complete anything. He could tel her he'd be back†¦soon. Soonish. Soonishly. Damon squeezed his tongue against a canine and felt the brief compensating sharpness and length. He genuine y needed to evaluate those unbelievable Black Ops versus vampires programs. He needed to chase, period. Obviously, there was so much Black Magic wine about the spot that when he halted a male worker and requested a few, the hireling had brought a magnum. Damon had been having woodwinds from time to time, however what he genuine y needed was to go huntin

Personal Essay For College Application - Writing a Good One

Personal Essay For College Application - Writing a Good OnePersonal essay for college applications can be a very difficult and frustrating task. To write a good essay that will help you in your college application and be selected for college can take a lot of time, effort and patience.So, how do you know what to write about in your personal essay for a college application? There are a few tips and suggestions that can be useful in your writing.First, look at the personal essay for college application samples that are available and figure out how the essay is going to be worded for each individual colleges. Make sure that you choose a theme or subject matter that will appeal to each college. If you are applying to a liberal arts college that offers English composition, make sure that your essay will reflect this.Your personal essay for college application should be unique. Try to come up with something unique and different each time. This will give you an edge over the other applicant s when it comes to writing essays.You also want to make sure that you use the same 'tricks' when writing your essay. There are some words that can be deceptive and will hurt your application in the end.For example, don't use 'I' so much in your essay. Make sure that your first sentence of your essay begins with a subject matter or topic. Use some beginning sentences to get your attention so that when you go to write your second sentence, you will already be on track.You should also make sure that your essay will not be too long. A well written essay should be able to explain the main point in one paragraph and still leave you with something to say in the following paragraph.Don't get discouraged if your essay does not get selected for college. There are so many people who have written and been accepted to college that it may just be the time of your life.

Freakanomics Book Critique - 1036 Words

Freakanomics Book Critique What do the Klu Klux Klan, real estate agents, Chicago gangs, and sumo wrestlers all have in common? Surprisingly, economics. Steven D. Levitt, an award-winning University of Chicago economist with an unconventional view of the world, and his co-author Stephen J. Dubner, an intrepid author and reporter, set out to find the bizarre correlations between world events using economics in their 2005 New York Times Bestseller Freakanomics: Exploring the Hidden Side of Everything. Freakanomics is at times controversial and some of the information could be outdated yet it is still highly entertaining and intriguing, based on verified and factual information yet communicated in a fashion that is understandable to even the most math-phobic or economics-impaired individual. Freakanomics is a new kind of microeconomic research coined by Levitt and Dubner and does not have anything to do with stock market predictions or a company’s production of goods. Instead, Freakanomics uses economic principles and research to answer curious questions such as â€Å"If drug dealers make so much money, why do they still live with their mothers?† and â€Å"What do cheating teachers and sumo wrestlers have in common?† Each chapter endeavors to answer a bizarre question about how the world, and people, really work. Economics is often thought to be a cold and calculating science of graphs and dollar signs. Freakanomics however is a unique blend of economics’ emotionless logic, curiosity,

Cry, The Beloved Country Quotes

Cry, The Beloved Country is the famous African novel by Alan Paton. The story follows the journey of a minister, who travels to the big city in search of his prodigal son. Cry, The Beloved Country is said to have been inspired (or influenced) by Laurens van der Posts novel  In a Province (1934). Alan Paton started the novel in 1946, and the book was finally published in 1948. Paton was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist.   Quotes From Chapter One Through Chapter Ten There is a lovely road that runs from Ixopo into the hills... [T]hey go to Johannesburg, and there they are lost, and no one hears of them at all. One day in Johannesburg, and already the tribe was being rebuilt, the house and soul being restored. I have one great fear in my heart, that one day when they are turned to loving, they will find that we are turned to hating. All roads lead to Johannesburg. Now God be thanked that the name of a hill is such music, that the name of a river can heal. Quotes From Chapter Eleven Through Chapter Twenty for who is not silent when someone is dead, who was a small bright boy? Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear. Have no doubt it is fear in his eyes. You see, my brother, there is no proof that my son or this other young man was there at all. [W]e do what is in us, and why it is in us, that is also a secret. It is Christ in us, crying that men may be succoured and forgiven, even when He Himself is forsaken. Old man, leave him alone. You lead him so far and then you spring upon him. Quotes From Chapter Twenty Through Chapter Thirty It is not permissible to add to ones possessions if these things can only be done at the cost of other men. Such development has only one true name, and that is exploitation. The truth is, our civilization is not Christian; it is a tragic compound of great ideal and fearful practice, of loving charity and fearful clutching of possessions. In a land of fear this incorruptibility is like a lamp set upon a stand, giving light to all that are in the house. [T]his thing that is the heaviest thing of all my years, is the heaviest thing of all your years also. Nothing is ever quiet, except for fools. I shall care for your child, my son, even as if it were my own. I am a weak and sinful man, but God put His hands on me, that is all. Something deep is touched here, something that is good and deep. Forgive us all, for we all have trespasses. I have learned that kindness and love can pay for pain and suffering. Quotes From Chapter Thirty-One Through Chapter Thirty-Five When you go, something bright will go out of Ndotsheni. that is a small angel from God. Although nothing has come yet, something is here already. One thing is about to be finished, but here is something that is only begun. But when the dawn will come, of our emancipation, from the fear of bondage and the bondage of fear, why, that is a secret.

The Patriarchal Male Gaze - 1365 Words

While talking to my Indian friends about our summer project, â€Å"Adolescents’ Health Awareness Program†, I listened to their stories about harassment and eve teasing while travelling alone. I had also come across some of the situations where I feel uncomfortable and hate my body. When I walk down the streets of the city, a person’s stare and taunts, make me feel as if I have done a crime by being born as a girl. The constant gazes are not so unusual now. Gaze, as the Longman dictionary defines is â€Å"a long steady look†, but I would say it is much more than that long look. It is a constant look with admiration for something. It simply turns a subject to an object where male values the body of a female to fulfill their desires. The term ‘male gaze’ was first brought up by Laura Mulvey and has come from film theory and is basically used to describe the idea of putting the audience into the perspective of a heterosexual man. With the development of the media, we see films, â€Å"a major form of visual popular culture† (â€Å"The Patriarchal Gaze†), portraying women as sexually objectified bodies. Laura Mulvey in her article, â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema†, says that male gaze is an erotic look of power and of objectification. The view of the camera, and thus of the male protagonist, is that of the intended male ‘gaze’ (Mulvey). With the male gaze, female bodies present ed in the movies are sexualized and their body is objectified. Females are shown offering up their femininity for theShow MoreRelatedWomen Are Controlled And Guided By Patriarchal Male Gaze2331 Words   |  10 Pagesasserts that women are characterized as â€Å"others† or as â€Å"not male† . This distinction would not be possible if women were not recognizable by sight as not male. Due to this, it is relevant to look at film and its associations with visual representations of the woman and the male gaze. As John Berger recognises â€Å"men act, women appear†¦men look at women†¦women themselves being looked at† . This succinctly defines that the position of women in patriarchal culture depends on look and elucidates that women existRead MoreEssay on Patriarchal Structure of An Active Male Gaze 1678 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 1990s Laura Mulvey’s thesis concerning the patriarchal structure of an active male gaze has influenced feminist f ilm critiques and Hollywood. Mulvey’s project is to use psychoanalysis to uncover the power of patriarchy in Hollywood cinema. Patriarchal influence upon cinema is found primarily in pleasure (pleasure in looking) or as Freud’s has put it, scopophilia. Mulvey suggests that it may be possible to create a new for of cinema due to the fact that patriarchy power to control cinematicRead MoreRelationship Between Masculinity And Femininity1177 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween masculinity and femininity. I will be focusing primarily on how the feministic features are different from today’s patriarchal films. The features include: a strong female main character, her reversed gender role, the female gaze, the film’s female screen writers, unusual narrative, genre, and the ideological meanings from this film. Female characters in today’s patriarchal films are placed in stereotypical roles. Females are usually â€Å"overtly feminine, have weak character, lack confidenceRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Bridesmaids1618 Words   |  7 Pagesidentify how Bridesmaids transcends traditional feminine desire it is important to mention the ways the film still fits to the nature of patriarchal norms and the present hegemony (Buckley 14). This feminist criticism of the film must be made because it reveals an underlying paradox to ideologies of women in cinema. As Laura Mulvey explains, â€Å"cinematic codes create a gaze, a world, and an object, thereby producing an illusion cut to the measure of desire. It is these cinematic codes and their relationshipRead MoreTheory of the Male Gaze1400 Words   |  6 Pagestheory of the male gaze is still prominent. The phallocentric narrative is still an underlining feature within the main body of the film. The castrated female is represented as a char acter in dire need for the influence of the male, be it in a voyeuristic or scopophilic presence. Contemporary animations such as Disney’s The Little Mermaid, Mulan and Frozen all encounter Mulvey’s notions of the male gaze and show the female as passive within the narrative, whilst in today’s patriarchal society theyRead MoreThe s Confident Didacticism?1415 Words   |  6 Pagesin the form of popularity and power over one s peers. Female power in teen makeover films also manifests itself through the ability to gain the attention of the opposite sex, but it simultaneously absolves the male gaze and constructions of gender fantasy that are enforced by the patriarchal socio-culture of any blame for the behaviour. Instead, as Laura Mulvey suggests, the woman in films is an object that is meant to be consumed by the viewer, while the man is always assumed to be the â€Å"bearer ofRead MoreHollywood Film Analysis1305 Words   |  6 Pagestwentieth century. As a r esult of the traditional patriarchal society of the era it was the men who owned the studios, the men who wrote the scripts, the men who worked behind the scenes, and the men who held the leading roles that dominated the industry. In this paper, I will discuss in brief my experience in viewing the short film by Tracy Moffatt (2003). Second, examine the feminist theories of Mulvey (1975) that provide a psychoanalysis of the ‘male gaze’ and how these views of sex and gender wereRead MoreVisual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema980 Words   |  4 Pagespleasure of looking as the active dominant male, and the pleasure in being looked at as the passive female. I plan to analyze Mulvey’s ideas of patriarchy in film, specifically the â€Å"male gaze† and how these ideas are portrayed through the film of Eyes Wide Shut. The male protagonist in film is often caught by the viewer, in the pleasuring act of looking at females. Through film, Mulvey argues that the male is seen as the dominant figure, imposing a â€Å"male gaze† on his female victim. This phenomenonRead MoreGender Representation Of Sex And The City1590 Words   |  7 Pagesargument for major ethical implications in regard to public stigma and subsequent prejudice. This essay shall critically consider gender representation in Sex and the City (HBO, 1998-2004) and the extent to which these characters challenge the patriarchal privilege. Studies regarding gender roles in media show that the feminine essence tends to be depicted as inferior, with women often being marginalized, disempowered and humiliated through a status that is based on their youth and looks; whilstRead MoreKubrick And Lynch On The Patriarchy1581 Words   |  7 Pagestraditionalism in society. Arguably one of the most consistent links between Stanley Kubrick and David Lynch is their portrayal of women in film. Stanley Kubrick does not choose to emphasize the struggles of being a woman in a patriarchal society. Instead, he shows women through the patriarchal gaze. In A Clockwork Orange, women are literally objectified, as plastic statues of naked women are used as coffee tables in the Korova Milk Bar. This introduces the viewers to the protagonist, Alex, who serves as the perpetrator

medical malpractice Argumentative Essay Example For Students

medical malpractice Argumentative Essay Medical Malpractice:Is Your Care Below Standard?Imagine yourself lying on an operating table, motionless, quiet. Above, you notice people standing over you. You try to speak but the words just cannot come out. Your arms feel as if they are plastered to the table. You begin to stand up but feel as if weights are strapped to your back and you are bound to the table. Suddenly you feel a sharp pain in your midsection. In and out, you see a surgeon slicing your body open with a scalpel. Every motion the masked person makes is as if you are being torn apart from the inside out. One would hope this would simply be a nightmare and they will wake up and everything will be fine. In this instance, this person will come to and realize that they had just gotten the surgery that they needed, while they were still conscious. This is not a horror story meant to scare anyone, this has actually happened on a number of occasions. People have actually woken up during there own surgery to all of the pain and the agony that would be expected of such a procedure. The only problem with that situation is, they cannot do anything about it because they are in a temporary paralysis. This is the sort of thing that can go wrong, among many other things, during a routine medical procedure. Not all cases are nearly as extreme as the one described, while others can be much more. Malpractice can be a difficult subject to understand. The word malpractice is used in many ways to describe different circumstances. The actual term negligence refers to the carelessness of a professional or an associate (Cazalas 17). Although each situation is looked upon by a case-by-case basis, there is a system in which carelessness is determined. Under the eyes of the law, there is a scale which measures whether or not a situation is considered to be carelessness or not. This scale is called the standard of care. The standard of care describes what a prudent person, who acts under circumstances that are similar to the ones in question, would do. This prudent person is nobody specific; it is just a fictional person made up by the legal system who is completely average in every way. This person is an average person who is equipped with the average skills and knowledge that pertains to this field of work, and also contains an average amount of judgment and common sense (Cazalas 19-23). The actions of what this average professional would do in this situation are used as a sort of measuring device to determine whether the actions taken by the professional in question were appropriate. If what the person in question did met the requirements of what the standard of care calls for, then there has been no account of negligence. There are four main points that actually make up negligence. There must first be a situation in which the standard of care must be given under the given circumstances. Failing to follow the standard of care begins the case of negligence. After not satisfactorily completing the standard, there is an apparent setup for harm to the patient resulting from this failure to meet the requirements of care. When an injury is inflicted on the patient, that relates to the standard of care being violated, and that seals the case. Those are the four ingredients needed to complete a case of negligence (Cazalas 18). There are two specific cases that show how the standard of care is used in the determination of cases in certain situations. They both take place in Canada, and they both pertain to nurses that had left their posts to go on there coffee breaks. One of these cases was proved to be negligent, while the other was proven not to be a case of negligence. These are both taken from the publication Nursing and the Law:In Child v. Vancouver General Hospital 71 W.W.R. 656(1969), the nurse left for a coffee break after the physician in charge had seen the patient who, as the physician later testified, appeared much improved. In deciding that the nurse was not negligent to leave such a patient unattended, the court emphasized that the question of liability should be determined in the light of the circumstances, as they existed at the time. When the nurse left the patient, it was not foreseeable that an increased risk to the patient would be created. (Cazalas 23)One can see that in this case the court ruled in favor of the nurse based on the fact that the situation was unforeseen. None of the people working in that facility could have been able to tell if something of great sincerity could happen while a patient is in improving health. Although it would have been ideal for someone to be there to see over the patient, nobody can be everywhere at once. In this next case it is not so simple. Military Policy EssayMedical malpractice is a very serious issue. Although not always life threatening, situations involving wrongdoing in the medical field can be physically as well as emotionally distressful. Maintaining an above average standard of care can help keep medical professionals out of trouble. Making sure communication is kept between oneself and ones health care provider will help make a more secure environment while undergoing any sort of medical procedure. Medicine should not be feared, being more informed of the facts will help deal with any problems that one may have. The standard of care must be maintained, and as long as it is everyone will be better off.

Problem Identification in Health Care Management

Wjorld War II essays

Wjorld War II essays When war broke out, there was no way the world could possibly know the severity of this guerre. Fortunately one country saw and understood that Germany and its allies would have to be stopped. Americas Involvement in World War II not only contributed in the eventual downfall of the insane Adolph Hitler and his Third Reich, but also came at the precise time and moment. Had the United States entered the war any earlier the consequences might have been worse. Over the years it has been an often heated and debated issue on whether the United States could have entered the war sooner and thus have saved many lives. To try to understand this we must look both at the people and governments point of view. Just after war broke out in Europe, President Roosevelt hurriedly called his cabinet and military advisors together. There it was agreed that the United States stay neutral in these affairs. One of the reasons given was that unless America was directly threatened they had no reason to be involved. This reason was a valid one because it was the American policy to stay neutral in any affairs not having to do with them unless American soil was threatened directly. Thus the provisional neutrality act passed the senate by seventy-nine votes to two in 1935. On August 31, Roosevelt signed it into law. In 1936 the law was renewed, and in 1937 a "comprehensive and permanent" neutrality act was passed (Hart 142). The desire to avoid "foreign entanglements" of all kinds had been an American foreign policy for more than a century. A very real "geographical Isolation" permitted the United States to "fill up the empty lands of North America free from the threat of foreign conflict"(Hart 391). Even if Roosevelt had wanted to do more in this European crisis (which he did not), there was a factor too often ignored by critics of American policy-American military weakness. When asked to evaluate how ma...

3d imaging using matlab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

3d imaging using matlab - Essay Example However, none of these algorithms succeed to process more than a few tens of images when the amount of missing elements reaches 90% of the measurement matrix and cameras have large field of view (Martinec & Pajdla 2005). (Martinec & Pajdla 2005) proposes an algorithm has the following advantages: First, it provides an overall scene structure in a single step without requirements such as linear ordering of images in a sequence. Second, the solution is obtained as a global optimum of a reasonable cost function defined on an approximation to the original SFM (structure-from-motion) problem. (Martin & Doerry 2005) modify the existing Polar Format MATLAB implementation utilizing the Chirp Z-Transform that improves performance and memory usage achieving near real-time results for smaller apertures. They also add two new image formation options that perform a more traditional interpolation style image formation. These options allow the continued exploration of possible interpolation methods for image formation and some preliminary results comparing image quality are given. In this paper we review the principles used in reconstruction of three dimension images from two dimension images from a digital camera. The reconstruction algorithm of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is presented and implemented in MATLAB in the following sections. This section overviews the process of representing a three-dimensional world into a two-dimensional representation. The projection process loses one dimension. This process is usually central projection in which a ray from a point in space is drawn from a three dimension world point through a fixed point in space, the centre of projection. This ray will intersect the chosen plane as the image plane. The intersection of the ray with the image plane represents the image of the point. This projection is similar to the camera in which a ray of light from a point in the world passes through the lens of a camera

Writing Response to Freire Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Response to Freire Article - Essay Example Freire was capable of weaving together, and draw upon a number of components of taking into consideration practice and liberation. He used the term banking education to critique and describe the conventional system of education. This term depicts students as containers which are empty, and tutors must fill with information and knowledge. This process promotes lack of knowledge ownership and critical thinking in students, which in turn causes oppression. Additionally, he describes this education as one which the teacher is the subject and students as passive objects (Freire 13). This makes education a course of depositing information to passive students. This paper will look at the banking concept of education. The article brings into focus a number of essential points. First, Freire highlights the notion of dialogue. His emphasis on dialogue has adversely affected those concerned with informal and popular education. According to him, dialogue should not be based on one individual act ing on another, but rather individuals cooperating with one another (Freire 43). He argues that much of education involves the educator depositing knowledge to the on e he or she is educating. Second, there is the issue of praxis. Praxis entails an informed action. Dialogue should not only be about increasing understanding but also to contribute to changing the world. Dialogue should also entail respect.

Effect of Ph on Green Pea Germination Essay Example for Free

Effect of Ph on Green Pea Germination Essay Effect of pH on Green Pea Germination Objective: To determine how pH affects the germination of green peas and to examine the degree of germination within each pH level. We will do this by using various buffer solutions (along with distilled water) to grow green peas. Hypothesis: We expected that the group of peas that encountered a pH of 7 to have the most and highest degree of germination. Materials: tap water buffer solutions pH 3,5, 7, 1 distilled water 50 greens peas trays paper towels beakers Procedure: Wrap 25 peas (25 peas = 1 group) in paper towels. Place each group in 2. Pour 10 mL of tap water and 30 mL of distilled water or buffer solution onto each group of peas 3. 4. Add tap water accordingly to keep peas moist After one week, add another 20mL of distilled water or buffer solution onto each group of peas. 5. Observe amount of germination and degree of germination (length of the shoots) PH3 PH5 Distilled Water PH7 PH9 PHII Number Germinated 17 24 Number not Germinated Number of peas with shoots that were at least 1 inch long 14

The Indian and the White Communites in Dances with Wolves and Machimani

The Indian and the White Communites in Dances with Wolves and Machimanito The film Dances with Wolves shares a lot of its content with the story Machimanito. In Dances with Wolves, two nations come to interact with each other. While the white man is dominating the land, the Indians are trying to protect both their land and themselves. In Machimanito, the story describes the epidemic and its effects on the Indians, while describing the ongoing conflict between Indians and the white man. There is a huge cultural difference between the white man and the Indians, which is reflected on their ways of life and communities; each lives a different life style including their interaction with nature and themselves, their authority within this community and finally the resulting conflict the interactions of these two nations. John Dunbar makes contact with the Indians while being posted on the frontier. As his relationship develops with Kicking Bird and both gain each other’s trust, he becomes part of the Indian community; his final transition can be seen when he is known by the name Dances with Wolves. The differences between the white and the Indian community are shown to the viewer while Dunbar is exploring it and is becoming aware of the differences himself. Some of the differences are shown in the ways and objectives of hunting the buffalos. While the Indians use the buffalos for both food and use the skin for clothes, the white man hunts down buffalos for their skin and horns â€Å"killed only for their tongs and the price of their hides.† Dunbar says â€Å"One thing is clear however there is no buffalo and it weighs heavily on their minds.† This shows how important the buffalos are for the Indians, as their absence is a problem for thei... ...e and accurate approach of the Indians, where the reader can feel the story and the events as if he was Nanapush himself, as apposed to see and try to figure out the feelings like in Dances with Wolves. We can see that in both Machimanito and Dances with Wolves, there is a conflict between the white society and the Indian society. The white trespassing society intervenes with the traditions and customs of the Indians which causes a threat to their culture. Since the white man views the Indian community as being native and tries to educate it by colonizing and implementing their own ways. Both these literary pieces show this conflict and the effects of the colonization on the Indians. While Dunbar comes to the conclusion â€Å"Nothing I’ve been told about these people is correct. They are not beggar and thieves. They are not the bogie men they’ve been made out to be.†

Legalizing Marijuana National Institute on Drug Abuse

Marijuana, a milder hallucinogen than LSD, comes from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which originates in Central Asia but is now grown in most parts of the world. It is also known by such names as pot, grass, reefer, weed, and herb. It has for its active ingredient the mind altering substance called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC (National Institute on Drug Abuse1). The use of marijuana has been the subject of much debate and controversy in the past. Young people are drawn to it, musicians, movie stars and rock stars endorse it discreetly, and the general population as a whole is divided over whether it is good or bad for people, and whether it should be legalized or not. A website devoted exclusively to marijuana use recently ran an article weighing the pros and cons of legalizing it, and came up with the conclusion that legalizing has several economic benefits, and brings with it the ability of government to properly regulate its use (Shalom). This essay takes the latter posi tion, and argues against the legalization of marijuana because of its overall ill health and social effects.Effects of Marijuana The physical effects of marijuana include increases in pulse rate and blood pressure, reddening of the eyes, coughing and dryness of the mouth. Psychological effects include a mixture of excitatory, depressive and hallucinatory characteristics, making the drug difficult to classify. The drug can produce spontaneous and unrelated ideas; perceptions of time and place can be distorted; verbal behavior may increase or cease to occur at all; and sensitivity to sound and colors might increase. Marijuana can also impair attention and memory, which suggests that smoking marijuana is not conducive to optimal school performance. When marijuana is used daily in heavy amounts, it also can impair the human reproductive system and may be involved in some birth defects. (National Institute on Drug Abuse 1).Statistics on the issue A lot of action has been presented to leg alize the use of marijuana and it has been drawing a lot of attention lately. There are already twelve states in the U.S. where it's legal for medicinal purposes. Much of the American public now believes that the drug should be legalized but others are still concerned about health damage and other unfortunate side affects, not to mention moral concerns.One of the consequences of marijuana legalization would be a large increase in drug users. Right now, drug users have a fear of law enforcement agents, but if marijuana was legalized, they no longer would have fear and would feel that it will be all right to use marijuana. Over twenty years ago, estimates of drug use among Americans was as high as 24 million, but it is now estimated to be as low as 11 million.   In 1993, Americans spent $49 billion on illegal drugs, down from the 1988 figure of $64 billion.  Ã‚   This decline does not mean a decrease in the use of marijuana but an increase of officers on the streets and drug aware ness programs.Crackdowns being a geographically focused drug raid will only limit drug use for a time but not completely eradicate it. According to Walker, this strategy of deploying police officers in streets to catch drug users and dealers and street gangs, merely displace drugs activity to change the place of drug use. When the Violent Crime Act of 1994 was implemented, government allocated a budget to deploy additional 100,000 policemen in streets.One famous crackdown is the Operation Pressure Point in New York that for a time scared drug users away. However, in the long-term, crackdowns are not proven to be effective to totally stop drug selling and drug use despite police concentration. Eventually, the former drug suppliers and dealers were just replaced by some other persons to continue the drug activity. Even New York City police attest that the OPP may have put drug operatives in jail, but it was not an assurance that there will be no other persons to replace them.Interdict ion or the process of inhibiting the flow and entry of drugs, and eradication or the process of reducing drug plants production are two methods that are seemingly out weighted by the fact that drugs is a growing international market despite huge efforts to stop its production and entry to certain territories. Walker the author has found that despite interdiction campaigns, illegal drugs that entered the country have increased significantly from 1987 to 1991. Marijuana and coca leaf production rose by almost 50% and 33% respectively.The author attributed the failure to the large border that the enforcement agencies have to guard, making it possible for drug traffickers to mutually adapt with the enforcement measures easily by putting up new entry points, and the organized mafia that supports the drug trade. Whether we like it or not, the drug market despite its being underground has been continuously expanding in both international and domestic level.The problem is, the drug users, a s well as pushers are just a small part of the problem on drugs production. The real problem of the drug fight is the large mafia, and big people that benefit most from the drug economy. Interdiction and eradication efforts are doomed to fail when the major actors such as the plant owners and drug traders are not properly apprehended, together with some government allies.Marijuana is said to be the most used illegal drug in the United States, with 40 percent or 94 million of Americans aged 12 years or older having tried it at least once, and adolescents and teenagers in particular being particularly vulnerable to abusing the drug (National Institute on Drug Abuse 1, citing the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health).Other Health and Social Effects The ill health effects of marijuana have been well-documented. Heavy use of marijuana has been directly linked to the impairment of a person’s ability to shift the focus of his attention from one thing to another, ability to re call events, and ability to form memories (National Institute on Drug Abuse 3). Marijuana is also said to impair balance, posture, coordination of movement and reaction time, because THC affects the proper functioning of the parts of the brain responsible for those functions (National Institute on Drug Abuse 4). Such ill effects are said to be precursors of accidents.Another ill effect of marijuana use is its link to difficulty in quitting tobacco smoking. Still another ill health effect is the predisposition of marijuana smokers to the same health problems that plague tobacco smokers such as chest illnesses, daily, cough and phlegm, obstructed airways, lung infections, and cancer of the lungs and respiratory tract (National Institute on Drug Abuse 4).The heightened risks are said to be the result of marijuana smoke containing 50 to 70 percent more carcinogens than regular tobacco smoke, and because THC is said to impair the immune function thus, making smokers more susceptible to c ancer and infectious diseases (National Institute on Drug Abuse 5). Also, marijuana smoking has also been linked to an up to a four-fold increase in the risk of having a heart attack within an hour of smoking it (National Institute on Drug Abuse 5).The ill social effects of smoking marijuana are also varied and grave. Student smokers are said to perform more poorly than other students, while workers who smoke marijuana are said to have more problems with work performance (National Institute on Drug Abuse 5). Ill emotional and psychological effects such as depression, anxiety, and personality disturbances spill over into poor ability to acquire job and social skills, poor ability to cope with emotional problems because of poor problem solving and emotional skills, and lower levels of satisfaction with life in general (National Institute on Drug Abuse 5-6)An increase in drug use will result in an increase in drug related crimes if drugs are legalized. Supporters of drug legalization b elieve that crime and violence would decrease if drug use became legal. Statistics tell us that almost half of those arrested for committing a crime test positive for the use of drugs at the time of their arrest.   Marijuana's effects cause memory loss, trouble with problem-solving, loss of motor skills and an increase in heart rate, panic attacks and anxiety.Marijuana weakens the body's immune system, which could further complicate any future recovery from a serious medical condition.   Young adults observing or knowing adults who are smoking marijuana for medicinal purposes sends a misleading message. Legalization supporters claim that marijuana significantly lessens pain and relieves nausea resulting from serious diseases. However, anti-drug groups think that legalizing marijuana for medical use is merely an ulterior motive designed to gain access to a dangerous substance.Use of Marijuana in some states In some states marijuana use is legal already for medicinal purposes.   According to the NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws), twelve states have legalized or decriminalized the medical use of marijuana in some manner. Since 1996, Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington have passed legislation that removes state-level penalties from marijuana use by patients who have a doctor's recommendation.Moreover, Maryland passed a medical marijuana affirmative defense law in 2003. This states that if a person is arrested for marijuana use but is found to be using marijuana out of medical necessity, even if at the time of use they did not have a doctor’s recommendation, he/she will only face a small fine.These state laws specify that marijuana can be used to treat diseases such as arthritis, cancer, chronic nervous system disorders, chronic pain, Crohn's disease, epilepsy and other seizure disorders, glaucoma, HIV or AIDS, multiple sclerosis and other muscle spastic ity disorders, and help patients cope with severe migraines, severe nausea, and the side effects of chemotherapy. The requirements for patients and doctors to be protected by these laws vary from state to state. The U.S. government has challenged the California law in several cases. Federal law does not recognize a medical use for marijuana and maintains that the drug is a controlled and a banned substance under all circumstances.Mandatory Drug Testing in SchoolsThe main purpose of mandatory drug testing in school is not to expose and expel those whose results are positive. This method is done only to ensure the health and academic performance of each individual student. Those who have been found with positive results are assisted by the school counselor and are enrolled in a drug-education program. This would better help the student to alleviate his drug dependency and so that he may perform better academically.Also with the information that as much as 23% of American drug dependen ts are teenagers and perhaps in school, this could directly affect the entire school population. Peer pressure is the one of the primary causes of drug dependency. Without mitigation from the administration, drug dependency among the students would undoubtedly rise. Another cause for concern is that substances such as stimulants induce violence and aggression.This would mean that the well-being of the whole school population could be jeopardized. Therefore, mandatory drug testing is the most effective way not only to prevent drug-dependent students from harming themselves but also to prevent violence and harm to the public. Implementing it in schools in the swiftest time possible would efficiently prevent and reduce the number of drug use among the American student population. (What You Need to Know About Drug Testing in School).In sum, legalizing marijuana could potentially lead to more crime and more drug addicts. It also is sending the wrong message to our young people.   Givin g young people the impression that drugs are okay is setting a bad example.   If young kids believe that marijuana use is not any more serious than smoking a cigarette, this could lead to serious circumstances and habits for them in the future.ConclusionAdolescents in virtually every era have been risk takers, testing limits and making shortsighted judgments.   Today, the consequences of choosing a course of risk-taking are possibly more serious than they have ever been. Indeed, marijuana must not be legalized, lest we want our children to be dependent on them and ruining their lives over the long haul.SourcesInternet1) www.norml.org    NORML   (National Organization for the Reform of   Marijuana Laws)2) National Institute on Drug Abuse. â€Å"Marijuana Abuse: Research Report Series†. July 2005. Retrieved November 10, 2006 ;https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/letter-director;.Magazine1) Time Magazine â€Å"Is America Going to Pot?†Ã‚   (issue: November 4th, 2002)2) Newsweek magazine â€Å"The War Over Weed† (issue: March 16, 1998) Legalizing Marijuana National Institute on Drug Abuse Marijuana, a milder hallucinogen than LSD, comes from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which originates in Central Asia but is now grown in most parts of the world. It is also known by such names as pot, grass, reefer, weed, and herb. It has for its active ingredient the mind altering substance called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or THC (National Institute on Drug Abuse1). The use of marijuana has been the subject of much debate and controversy in the past. Young people are drawn to it, musicians, movie stars and rock stars endorse it discreetly, and the general population as a whole is divided over whether it is good or bad for people, and whether it should be legalized or not. A website devoted exclusively to marijuana use recently ran an article weighing the pros and cons of legalizing it, and came up with the conclusion that legalizing has several economic benefits, and brings with it the ability of government to properly regulate its use (Shalom). This essay takes the latter posi tion, and argues against the legalization of marijuana because of its overall ill health and social effects.Effects of Marijuana The physical effects of marijuana include increases in pulse rate and blood pressure, reddening of the eyes, coughing and dryness of the mouth. Psychological effects include a mixture of excitatory, depressive and hallucinatory characteristics, making the drug difficult to classify. The drug can produce spontaneous and unrelated ideas; perceptions of time and place can be distorted; verbal behavior may increase or cease to occur at all; and sensitivity to sound and colors might increase. Marijuana can also impair attention and memory, which suggests that smoking marijuana is not conducive to optimal school performance. When marijuana is used daily in heavy amounts, it also can impair the human reproductive system and may be involved in some birth defects. (National Institute on Drug Abuse 1).Statistics on the issue A lot of action has been presented to leg alize the use of marijuana and it has been drawing a lot of attention lately. There are already twelve states in the U.S. where it's legal for medicinal purposes. Much of the American public now believes that the drug should be legalized but others are still concerned about health damage and other unfortunate side affects, not to mention moral concerns.One of the consequences of marijuana legalization would be a large increase in drug users. Right now, drug users have a fear of law enforcement agents, but if marijuana was legalized, they no longer would have fear and would feel that it will be all right to use marijuana. Over twenty years ago, estimates of drug use among Americans was as high as 24 million, but it is now estimated to be as low as 11 million.   In 1993, Americans spent $49 billion on illegal drugs, down from the 1988 figure of $64 billion.  Ã‚   This decline does not mean a decrease in the use of marijuana but an increase of officers on the streets and drug aware ness programs.Crackdowns being a geographically focused drug raid will only limit drug use for a time but not completely eradicate it. According to Walker, this strategy of deploying police officers in streets to catch drug users and dealers and street gangs, merely displace drugs activity to change the place of drug use. When the Violent Crime Act of 1994 was implemented, government allocated a budget to deploy additional 100,000 policemen in streets.One famous crackdown is the Operation Pressure Point in New York that for a time scared drug users away. However, in the long-term, crackdowns are not proven to be effective to totally stop drug selling and drug use despite police concentration. Eventually, the former drug suppliers and dealers were just replaced by some other persons to continue the drug activity. Even New York City police attest that the OPP may have put drug operatives in jail, but it was not an assurance that there will be no other persons to replace them.Interdict ion or the process of inhibiting the flow and entry of drugs, and eradication or the process of reducing drug plants production are two methods that are seemingly out weighted by the fact that drugs is a growing international market despite huge efforts to stop its production and entry to certain territories. Walker the author has found that despite interdiction campaigns, illegal drugs that entered the country have increased significantly from 1987 to 1991. Marijuana and coca leaf production rose by almost 50% and 33% respectively.The author attributed the failure to the large border that the enforcement agencies have to guard, making it possible for drug traffickers to mutually adapt with the enforcement measures easily by putting up new entry points, and the organized mafia that supports the drug trade. Whether we like it or not, the drug market despite its being underground has been continuously expanding in both international and domestic level.The problem is, the drug users, a s well as pushers are just a small part of the problem on drugs production. The real problem of the drug fight is the large mafia, and big people that benefit most from the drug economy. Interdiction and eradication efforts are doomed to fail when the major actors such as the plant owners and drug traders are not properly apprehended, together with some government allies.Marijuana is said to be the most used illegal drug in the United States, with 40 percent or 94 million of Americans aged 12 years or older having tried it at least once, and adolescents and teenagers in particular being particularly vulnerable to abusing the drug (National Institute on Drug Abuse 1, citing the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health).Other Health and Social Effects The ill health effects of marijuana have been well-documented. Heavy use of marijuana has been directly linked to the impairment of a person’s ability to shift the focus of his attention from one thing to another, ability to re call events, and ability to form memories (National Institute on Drug Abuse 3). Marijuana is also said to impair balance, posture, coordination of movement and reaction time, because THC affects the proper functioning of the parts of the brain responsible for those functions (National Institute on Drug Abuse 4). Such ill effects are said to be precursors of accidents.Another ill effect of marijuana use is its link to difficulty in quitting tobacco smoking. Still another ill health effect is the predisposition of marijuana smokers to the same health problems that plague tobacco smokers such as chest illnesses, daily, cough and phlegm, obstructed airways, lung infections, and cancer of the lungs and respiratory tract (National Institute on Drug Abuse 4).The heightened risks are said to be the result of marijuana smoke containing 50 to 70 percent more carcinogens than regular tobacco smoke, and because THC is said to impair the immune function thus, making smokers more susceptible to c ancer and infectious diseases (National Institute on Drug Abuse 5). Also, marijuana smoking has also been linked to an up to a four-fold increase in the risk of having a heart attack within an hour of smoking it (National Institute on Drug Abuse 5).The ill social effects of smoking marijuana are also varied and grave. Student smokers are said to perform more poorly than other students, while workers who smoke marijuana are said to have more problems with work performance (National Institute on Drug Abuse 5). Ill emotional and psychological effects such as depression, anxiety, and personality disturbances spill over into poor ability to acquire job and social skills, poor ability to cope with emotional problems because of poor problem solving and emotional skills, and lower levels of satisfaction with life in general (National Institute on Drug Abuse 5-6)An increase in drug use will result in an increase in drug related crimes if drugs are legalized. Supporters of drug legalization b elieve that crime and violence would decrease if drug use became legal. Statistics tell us that almost half of those arrested for committing a crime test positive for the use of drugs at the time of their arrest.   Marijuana's effects cause memory loss, trouble with problem-solving, loss of motor skills and an increase in heart rate, panic attacks and anxiety.Marijuana weakens the body's immune system, which could further complicate any future recovery from a serious medical condition.   Young adults observing or knowing adults who are smoking marijuana for medicinal purposes sends a misleading message. Legalization supporters claim that marijuana significantly lessens pain and relieves nausea resulting from serious diseases. However, anti-drug groups think that legalizing marijuana for medical use is merely an ulterior motive designed to gain access to a dangerous substance.Use of Marijuana in some states In some states marijuana use is legal already for medicinal purposes.   According to the NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws), twelve states have legalized or decriminalized the medical use of marijuana in some manner. Since 1996, Alaska, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington have passed legislation that removes state-level penalties from marijuana use by patients who have a doctor's recommendation.Moreover, Maryland passed a medical marijuana affirmative defense law in 2003. This states that if a person is arrested for marijuana use but is found to be using marijuana out of medical necessity, even if at the time of use they did not have a doctor’s recommendation, he/she will only face a small fine.These state laws specify that marijuana can be used to treat diseases such as arthritis, cancer, chronic nervous system disorders, chronic pain, Crohn's disease, epilepsy and other seizure disorders, glaucoma, HIV or AIDS, multiple sclerosis and other muscle spastic ity disorders, and help patients cope with severe migraines, severe nausea, and the side effects of chemotherapy. The requirements for patients and doctors to be protected by these laws vary from state to state. The U.S. government has challenged the California law in several cases. Federal law does not recognize a medical use for marijuana and maintains that the drug is a controlled and a banned substance under all circumstances.Mandatory Drug Testing in SchoolsThe main purpose of mandatory drug testing in school is not to expose and expel those whose results are positive. This method is done only to ensure the health and academic performance of each individual student. Those who have been found with positive results are assisted by the school counselor and are enrolled in a drug-education program. This would better help the student to alleviate his drug dependency and so that he may perform better academically.Also with the information that as much as 23% of American drug dependen ts are teenagers and perhaps in school, this could directly affect the entire school population. Peer pressure is the one of the primary causes of drug dependency. Without mitigation from the administration, drug dependency among the students would undoubtedly rise. Another cause for concern is that substances such as stimulants induce violence and aggression.This would mean that the well-being of the whole school population could be jeopardized. Therefore, mandatory drug testing is the most effective way not only to prevent drug-dependent students from harming themselves but also to prevent violence and harm to the public. Implementing it in schools in the swiftest time possible would efficiently prevent and reduce the number of drug use among the American student population. (What You Need to Know About Drug Testing in School).In sum, legalizing marijuana could potentially lead to more crime and more drug addicts. It also is sending the wrong message to our young people.   Givin g young people the impression that drugs are okay is setting a bad example.   If young kids believe that marijuana use is not any more serious than smoking a cigarette, this could lead to serious circumstances and habits for them in the future.ConclusionAdolescents in virtually every era have been risk takers, testing limits and making shortsighted judgments.   Today, the consequences of choosing a course of risk-taking are possibly more serious than they have ever been. Indeed, marijuana must not be legalized, lest we want our children to be dependent on them and ruining their lives over the long haul.SourcesInternet1) www.norml.org    NORML   (National Organization for the Reform of   Marijuana Laws)2) National Institute on Drug Abuse. â€Å"Marijuana Abuse: Research Report Series†. July 2005. Retrieved November 10, 2006 ;https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/letter-director;.Magazine1) Time Magazine â€Å"Is America Going to Pot?†Ã‚   (issue: November 4th, 2002)2) Newsweek magazine â€Å"The War Over Weed† (issue: March 16, 1998)

Lockean Approach to Copyright Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1907 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Article Review on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Locke, Labour and Limiting the Authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Right: A Warning Against a Lockean Approach to Copyright Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  SUMMARY Copyright law, which mostly deals with the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right over a particular work against the general public is said to follow the Lockean theory of Labour which states of natural entitlement to the fruits of labour. This forms the basis of the argument and further criticism in the paper titled: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Locke, Labour and Limiting the Authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Right: A Warning Against a Lockean Approach to Copyright Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The author, Carys J. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Lockean Approach to Copyright Law" essay for you Create order Craig forms a basic contention that the Lockean Approach to Copyright law as such focuses only on the rights of the Author in relation to his/her work, while leaving out the important element of public interest. Following the Labour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Desert theory, which plays prominent role in the Lockean Approach, the author argues that privileges given to private rights over public interest is threatening the public policy goals of Copyright law. The article divided into three basic parts, deals with: 1. Basic concepts of Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of acquisition and the Lockean labour model in context of copyright law. 2. Internal and External Critiques of the Lockean Approach to Copyright Law Copyright Law in general establishes a triadic relationship between the Author, his/her work and the general public. This triad is of importance in terms of justifying the need and the granting of Copyright Law, and is also the basis of the argument by the author against t he Lockean Theory. She states that the link between the author and his/her work should not only be the sole reason for the grant of Copyright. Whereas, the relationship with general Public and the authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s intellectual product has an important role not only in increasing production of intellectual work, but also plays a significant role in cultural production and communication in the society. Copyright philosophy talks about a mutually dependent relationship between the idea of originality and independent work and theory of private property and natural right. The present article only focuses on the latter concept in connection with Lockean theory. John Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of Acquisition of Property, also known as Labour Theory plays an important role as one of the modern day natural rights theory. It has found its way into the realm of Intellectual Property Rights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" especially Copyright, as one of the justifications to grant prote ction of the intellectual creation to the creator against the general public. The root idea behind the theory is that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“People are entitled to hold, as property, whatever they produce by their own initiative, intelligence and industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  According to the theory, the original author is entitled to receive exclusive rights over his/her work for having put in mental labour into its creation. The basic two conditions or provisos to the above principle of right given by Locke are: 1. Enough good must be left in common for others 2. No person must take from the common more than he can use The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enough and goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  proviso according to the author, is a precondition for proprietary acquisition. It states that a labourer must not worsen otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s position from his/her appropriation from the commons. This is not entirely applicable in the case of Ideas. The author quotes Justin Hughes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s use of some ideas does not deplete the common; and in fact the common actually expands with useà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“labour addedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  or the addition or creation of a work substantially similar to the original work is given as an example as the drawbacks of this Lockean Approach as the given addition or creation will be considered as infringement irrespective of its new content. Relying on Hughes, the author tries to bring in the argument that in the nature of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"public interestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Lockean Approach needs to be looked into before its application into the copyright realm due to its limitation on creativity and restrictive scope on ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right. . Copyright, at least in its present form does not hold the proviso of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“good and enoughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  due to the circumstances as listed above. The author thereby, clearly makes a stand that the provisos or condition of the Lo ckean theory is not possible to be followed in Modern day Copyright Law. The author also brings about the classic debate of Copyright Law which is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"who exactly will be considered as the owner of the final product?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ If one takes into account natural law thesis, property rights are given to the person over his intellectual product, ignoring the contributions made by those preceding him. The Paradox of this question is that, if the labour employed by the individual does not account for the total value of the product, will it justify ownership of the whole commodity? Thus, stating that intellectual works are necessarily the products of collective labour and therefore must be owned collectively. By treating Copyright or any Intellectual Property as a proprietary right, one not only shifts it into the private domain but also defines it along individualistic lines. The author promotes her support to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“pairingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  of social i nterest along with private entitlement of Copyright. As the two are not opposed, the dualistic approach is said to be balanced. The author further goes on state that, Lockean theory on property, if properly understood has its own inherent limits. Natural Property right, as per Locke, are self limiting, thereby ensuring the protection of Public Interest. The author poses the question: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Whether Lockean Property Theory can be re-imagined to shape a Copyright system that furthers the policy goals (maximum creation and dissemination of intellectual works)?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The author though ready to accept that Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory could be understood and used in a manner that supports restrictions upon the individual ownerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights while keeping in mind the interest of the public, especially in terms of waste and avoiding harm, she does not find it to be a practicable argument. The reasons for the same include that: However wide ranging the provisos of the Lockean approach might seem it is doubtful whether the Intellectual Property realm will be able to live in accordance or adequately meet the no harm and no wastage provisions. The Force behind Labour theory does not lie in the public interest domain. Therefore, the argument of the author against the use of Lockean Property theory in the realm of Intellectual Property is not practically viable even if it does present an attractive picture. Thus, Locke identifies the relationship of Copyright and author similar to that of a land and its owner, whereby an infringement is treated as par as invasion/trespass. The author further discusses the Canadian Copyright jurisprudence by listing various rulings that show the rise of the utilitarian approach, which is said to be a start of the infiltration of Lockean perceptions of Natural Right to determine Copyright Policy. CRITICISMS John Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory though ambiguous offers important aspects and insights over ownership, use of natural resources and the relationship between the work and general public in large. The criticisms to the article are as follows: The authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim that the application of Lockean theory to intellectual property is unhelpful and harmful to the development of a sound and effective copyright system cannot be entirely accepted. Yes, it has its downfalls, but there are various positive approaches or impacts to the application of the Lockean theory in the realm of Copyright Law. Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model in its essence provides unambiguous support to intellectual property rights. The restrictive use of proprietary rights over Ideas by the author overlooks the fact that by giving exclusive right over an Idea to an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labour does not limit the knowledge accessibility to the public domain which can lead to the creation of new ideas. The exclusivity only restricts the profitability or the right to make profits over the particular idea. Thus, to state that by following the Lockeanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach to give exclusive proprietary rights over an idea restricts the creation of new ideas would be far-reaching and untrue. The criticism cited by the author, quoting Palmer that Lockean theory on Intellectual Property rights restrain liberty is baseless; as every other proprietary right, the right to exclude others from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"any profitabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of the said product/idea will not amount to restriction of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal liberty. The author bases her argument against the relationship between Lockean theory of Property and Intellectual Property by basing its non-applicability solely on the grounds of its contravention to the provisos laid down by Locke. To quote Wendy Gordon, in support of the Lockean approach, one can arrive to the conclusion that creators can have all rights in their original work as long as it does not harm to other personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to create or draw such inference in their work. CONCLUSION Copyright, shown normally as a rights-based individualistic phenomenon focused on protection of the creatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s work against the general public at large, must at the end operate in furtherance of the public interest in maximizing production and communication of intellectual works. The Lockean theory, as asserted by the author throughout the article, does not uphold the stated principle but steers us away from its general direction. The purpose of the paper had been to draw out the weaknesses of the Lockean Property Theory in connection with the Copyright domain. The concept of incentives based argument à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that is in order to increase the creation of new ideas, substantial incentive, in this case, monetary compensation to the creator of such à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ideaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is necessary. This forms the basis of the Lockean theory of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“enjoying the fruits of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own labourà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The theory is not applicable on its own but is subject to two provisos à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Namely the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Enough good must be left for others in the commonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“No wastageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  proviso. The above argument, which works amicably for the land acquisition or physical object ownership, fails to help in the realm of Intellectual Property. The Lockean Copyright Theory as criticized by the author focuses mostly on Copyright as a property based concept which deals with benefits to the author to his/her work in terms of labour applied by them which creates a problem to the public-author-work relationship under the Copyright Law. The author tries to prove of such danger in the article by drawing attention to the prevalence and repercussions of the Lockean rights based theory in context with Copyright law and thereby the necessitating the argument of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Warningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ against the said theory. It is clear from the present article that, through the positives and various criticisms, Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory has been misunderstood and misapplied. The ardent supporters of Private Property should note that Lockeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of Property is not the only theory applicable to Intellectual Property. Various other versions of Lockean theory view the ownership of property in terms of Utilitarian concepts that state the maximization of the welfare of the community Thus, the article concludes with the notion that the Lockean vision of property entitlement gives a problematic understanding of Copyright Law and there is a need to shift our focus back to relationship between the public and intellectual work that copyright is intended to promote. And while it has its basic criticisms, the author convinces that repercussions of the Lockean rights based theory are far reaching and points the need of the hour, in shifting away from the Lockean Approach. 1 | Page